Solid Ca/Zn stabilizers, usually in powder form, are among the most widely used lead-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly PVC stabilizers. They are based on a combination of calcium and zinc soaps, and provide high thermal stability and lubricity when used with both organic and inorganic co-stabilizers, making them suitable for a wide range of processing conditions. These stabilizers are primarily used for soft, semi-rigid and rigid PVC applications, including PVC films, sheets, shoes, profiles, pipes, wires, hoses and plastic injection and extrusion materials. Currently, there are calcium-zinc stabilizers available domestically for use in rigid piping.